In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Oxide Nanoparticles: Comparison to Asbestos, Silica, and the Effect of Particle Solubility†

T O B I A S J . B R U N N E R , ‡ P E T E R W I C K , § P I U S M A N S E R , § P H I L I P P S P O H N , § R O B E R T N . G R A S S , ‡ L U D W I G K . L I M B A C H , ‡ A R I E B R U I N I N K , § A N D W E N D E L I N J . S T A R K * , ‡ Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Laboratory for Biocompatible Materials, EMPA Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland